The African Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine (AJHSM) seeks to promote to scholarly debate best practice and ethical standards in the conduct and reporting of research in the area of public health, clinical medicine, and biomedical sciences. The help authors, editors, and others involved in peer review and biomedical publishing create and distribute accurate, clear, reproducible, unbiased research articles. This journal may also provide useful insights into the medical editing and publishing process for the media, patients and their families, and general readers. Besides original research articles, AJHSM , case report, case series, systematic review, clinical trials, methodological articles, book reviews, synopses of major research findings, short communications, and commentaries (rejoinder to comments on published articles). To ensure the quality of publication, AJHSM is committed to undertaking double peer-review process of all submissions and strives to enhance timely publication.